how did islam spread through military conquest
how did islam spread through military conquest
As Jerusalem grew in importance to Muslims and pilgrimages increased, tolerance for other religions declined. But make your own decisions about what you think is, or your own judgments of what we've talked about in this video. "And if they cease, then indeed "God is forgiving and merciful. [19] The latter period of that phase was marked by the Mongol invasion (particularly the Siege of Baghdad in 1258) and, after an initial period of persecution, the conversion of those conquerors to Islam. Islam spread primarily through military conquest taking control of lands from Spain to the borders of China and India. [2] Trade played an important role in the spread of Islam in some parts of the world, such as Indonesia. [64], The Mughal Empire, founded by Babur, a direct descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan, was able to conquer almost the entirety of South Asia. Main articles: Arab-Byzantine Wars, Byzantine-Seljuq wars, Byzantine-Ottoman Wars. Scholars reject the stereotype that this process was initially "spread by the sword" or forced conversions. The Islamic conquests, which culminated in the Arab empire being established across three continents (Asia, Africa, and Europe), enriched the Muslim world, achieving the economic preconditions for the emergence of this institution owing to the emphasis attached to Islamic teachings. They replaced Greek, Persian, and Coptic with Arabic as the main administrative language and reinforced an Arab Islamic identity. A real Islamization therefore came about only during the subsequent centuries. Was the phenomenon of "taxation of unbelievers for the national treasury" actually a significant part of the dynasty's income? Image credit: While these trade interactions undoubtedly had important ramifications, they were equally influential in the cultural realm. The fight was mainly over power. Why could the translation shape how one understands the dictums communicated in a sacred text? Explains that the last reason islam spread really quickly was migration. Under the Umayyads, a dynastic and centralized Islamic political state emerged. Posted 6 years ago. The Berbers embraced Islam rapidly, but their process of Islamization, which is not well documented, took a long time. But their opponents also had firm ideological commitments and there is no reason to assume that individuals were likely to be any less brave. The famous medieval epic poem 'Cantar de Mio Cid' narrates the life and deeds of this hero during the Reconquista. You will not see this type "In the Indian Ocean and West Africa, "it spread by peaceful Military conquest because a large amount of land was conquered by Islam military. () In most cases, worldly and spiritual motives for conversion blended together. The history of Arab and Islamic rule in the Iberian peninsula is probably one of the most studied periods of European history. As a result, the Muslim population in Europe has steadily risen. The spread of Islam was through military conquest, trade, pilgrimage, and missionaries. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. Because non-Muslim subjects were required to pay a special tax, the Umayyads were able to subsidize their political expansion. As people converted to Islam, tax revenue collected from non-Muslim subjects dwindled, and the Abbasid court could no longer sustain its expenditures. Even before the conquest of Islam, they were probably subjugated by a king or part of an empire Analyzes how expansion of the islamic world through military conquest led to the spread of islam. [55][56], H. G. Rawlinson, in his book Ancient and Medieval History of India (.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}ISBN81-86050-79-5), claims the first Arab Muslims settled on the Indian coast in the last part of the 7th century. A map depicting the extent of the Umayyad caliphate in 750 CE, which extended from Spain in the west to northern India in the East and covered northern Africa, southern Europe, Anatolia, and the Arabian Peninsula. Many Christians, such as John of Damascus, held important offices at their court. Earlier generations of European scholars believed that conversions to Islam were made at the point of the sword, and that conquered peoples were given the choice of conversion or death. The Arab merchants and traders became the carriers of the new religion and they propagated it wherever they went. people weren't going from being independent to being Learn about the Arab Muslim conquests and the establishment of the caliphate. 10. [4], Through the Muslim conquest of Persia, in the 7th century, Islam spread as far as the North Caucasus, which parts of it (notably Dagestan) were part of the Sasanid domains. By the 10th century, the Kilwa Sultanate was founded by Ali ibn al-Hassan Shirazi (was one of seven sons of a ruler of Shiraz, Persia, his mother an Abyssinian slave girl. "And there is to be no aggression "except against the oppressors." videos we have talked about the early history of Islam, which really revolves Regional rulers, who did not have to manage such vast territories, were able to expand more fruitfully in single directions. [26] Both periods were also marked by significant migrations of Arab tribes outwards from the Arabian Peninsula into the new territories.[27]. Islam was just that much better. of this Muslim community at the time of Mohammed's death. Conversion from pagan and polytheistic religions, however, was more difficult. [30], Islam has continued to spread through commerce and migrations, especially in Southeast Asia, America and Europe. What is now Syria may have had a Christian majority until the Mongol invasions of the 13th century. On this timeline here, the For four months, the siege continued. were given the choice "of conversion or death." Towards the end of the Abbasid caliphate, the formerly vast and united Islamic empire became fragmented and decentralized. have Muslim conquest of India included Hindus and Buddists as well, and it also included Zoroastrians, who the early Muslims During the following Abbasid period, an enfranchisement was experienced by the mawali and a shift was made in the political conception from that of a primarily-Arab empire to one of a Muslim empire. If you start in the middle, you can cover a lot of ground, while also being able to suffer casualties that might be devastating. I encourage you to look up For example, the Fatimids and Berber dynasties in North Africa were able to expand into Sub-Saharan Africa, and the Ghaznavids stretched farther into India. As a socio-cultural process of diffusion and integration over an extended period of time into the sphere of the dominant, A related view is that conversions occurred for non-religious reasons of pragmatism and patronage such as social mobility among the Muslim ruling elite or for relief from taxes, Was a combination, initially made under duress followed by a genuine change of heart, That the bulk of Muslims are descendants of migrants from the, Kayadibi, Saim. [75] under Alm. The net result was, in those areas of Spain where Muslim rule lasted the longest, the creation of a society that was mostly Arabic-speaking because of the assimilation of native inhabitants, a process in some ways similar to the assimilation many years later of millions of immigrants to the United States into English-speaking culture. The next period, after Mohammed dies, the leadership of the white period is before, according to Muslim traditions, that he started having With the Delhi Sultanate established, Islam was spread across most parts of the Indian subcontinent. A Christian community is recorded in 1114 in Qal'a in central Algeria. In such a fashion the city persisted as a religious community under an Arab Muslim domination more welcome and more tolerant than that of Byzantium. Richard Bulliet's "conversion curve" shows a relatively low rate of conversion of non-Arab subjects during the Arab centric Umayyad period of 10%, in contrast with estimates for the more politically-multicultural Abbasid period, which saw the Muslim population grow from around 40% in the mid-9th century to close to 100% by the end of the 11th century. idea of protected persons. The distinction between Arab Muslims and non-Arab Muslims diminished, with Persian culture exerting a greater influence on the Abbasid court. Although military conquest occurred in the past, military campaigns have been rare since the fall of the . Most of the significant expansion occurred during the reign of the Rashidun from 632 to 661 CE, which was the reign of the first four successors of Muhammad. [39] (Other sources question how much the native population welcomed the conquering Muslims.)[40]. Ismailis were instructed to speak potential converts in their own language. On the side of religious tolerance, you have excerpts like this. Explains that the world was forever changed by the rise and subsequent spread of islam. After about 1683, when the last Ottoman campaign against Vienna failed, the great empires for which this period is so famous began to shrink and weaken, just as western Europeans first began to show their potential for worldwide expansion and domination. [27] That theory does not explain the continuing existence of large minorities of Christians during the Abbasids. [4] Now however, more complex processes are considered, in light of the more protracted time frame attributed to the progression of the ancient Persian religion to a minority; a progression that is more contiguous with the trends of the late antiquity period. You make a good point and ask a cogent question. To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. from one conqueror to another, and oftentimes people are hopeful that the new conqueror might Ottoman Islamic standards of toleration allowed for autonomous "nations" (millets) in the Empire, under their own personal law and under the rule of their own religious leaders. They created a sense of internationalism and multiculturalism. Direct link to Steve Schroeder's post Hi Evan, thanks for the q, Posted 2 years ago. Direct link to A AN's post he is the ruler- leader o, Posted 3 years ago. God those who fight you, "but transgress not the limits. of language, for example, in more pacifist notions Religious scholars, called, Posted 6 years ago. Could it be a "remission of taxation for conversion" instead? This cultural exchange seems obvious to our modern sensibilities, but at the time, it was an entirely new way of thinking about the world. By the time of the Prophet Muhammad's death in A.D. 632, the Muslims had already subdued and converted their pagan opponents within the Arabian peninsula through wars that Muslims fought largely in self-defense. While it entailed the acceptance of new religious beliefs and membership in a new religious community, most converts retained a deep attachment to the cultures and communities from which they came."[24]. [26] Governors lodged complaints with the caliph when he enacted laws that made conversion easier since that deprived the provinces of revenues from the tax on non-Muslims. or a Martin Luther King. To make things more difficult, the Prophet had not left clear instructions as to who should lead the community after his death. Leiden: Brill Publishers. No previous conqueror had tried to assimilate the Berbers, but the Arabs quickly converted them and enlisted their aid in further conquests. Is persecution worse than killing? Islam did a better job than the religions that preceded it in the areas where it took root. Direct link to aaronabrams54's post How does the Islamic view, Posted 5 years ago. As Islamic ideas and cultures came into contact with new societies, they were expressed in unique ways and ultimately took on diverse forms. Simply put, Islam may have sped the conquests, but it also showed much greater staying power. Most conquests happened during the reign of the second caliph, Umar, who held power from 634 to 644. Muslims did not pay this tax as they already pay 2.5% of their wealth to charity every year as part of one of the pillars their faith. This map shows the extent of the Umayyad Empire in 750 CE. Within a few years the Muslims had also conquered parts of Egypt to the South and Anatolia and Armenia to the North. [81] This demographic transition can be illustrated by the decrease in the number of mosques in Belgrade, from over 70 in 1750 (before Serbian independence in 1815), to only three in 1850. In 969, the Patriarch of Jerusalem, John VII, was put to death for treasonous correspondence with the Byzantines. But this next period, the Rashidun, or the Rightly Guided Kalifs, kalif means successors, Upon his father's death, Ali was driven out of his inheritance by his brothers). Modern Islam is divided into many sects. Christians were persecuted and churches destroyed. A painting depicting five men, one of whom has his face covered. Abu Bakr died in 634 and was succeeded by Umar ibn al-Khattab, the second caliph, who ruled until 644. Kurdish leaders, like. Christians, that Islam, according to Islamic tradition follows in the same tradition of. [2] His performance on the battlefield earned him . "[21], Only in subsequent centuries, with the development of the religious doctrine of Islam and with that the understanding of the Muslim ummah, would mass conversion take place. However, the era that followed under the rule . As a result, we encounter multiple different interpretations of Islam across many different Islamic societies. they have expelled you, "and persecution is worse than killing." In that context they're saying, "And fight the way of A page from a manuscript on Islamic law from Spain, first half of the 11th century. So according to Ira Lapidus, Arab Muslim forces conquered vast territories and built imperial structures over time. Religious institutions became more defined during this period as state power waned. The number of Muslims in Africa grew from 34.5 million in 1900 to 315 million in 2000, going from roughly 20% to 40% of the total population of Africa. Conquest is usually used in reference to the establishment of some type of political control. From the ninth century to the twelfth century, Islamic culture flourished and crystallized into what we now recognize as Islam. To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. Muslim Heritage - Al-Qayrawan, seat of Arab governors founded in 670, Muslim Heritage - Umayyad Coins (661-750CE). "But if they cease, then there is to be "no aggression except Only the Arabian Peninsula had a higher proportion of Muslims among the population.[23]. [32], A third development is the growth and elaboration of transnational military organizations. Direct link to BetFox20's post How did Islam influence a, Posted 3 years ago. Just a question, I've often heard about the Umayyad Tax Policy (taxing non-muslims more than muslims, as touched on by Sal at. He did not beget and is not begot- Jonathan P. Berkey, The Formation of Islam: Religion and Society in the Near East, 600-1800, 2003. For example, in the 9th century, the Ismailis sent missionaries across Asia in all directions under various guises, often as traders, Sufis and merchants. The Muslim prisoner was brought[by whom?] Whether or not Islam provided the motivation for early Muslim imperialism, it could be used to provide justification for it - in the same way that it had previously been used to support Muhammad's own actions against his opponents. [45], Robert Hoyland argues that the missionary efforts of the relatively small number of Arab conquerors in Persian lands led to "much interaction and assimilation" between rulers and ruled, and to descendants of the conquerors adapting the Persian language and Persian festivals and culture,[52] (Persian being the language of modern-day Iran, while Arabic is spoken by its neighbors to the west.). The Sixth Fatimid caliph, al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, 9961021, who was believed to be "God made manifest" by his most zealous Shii followers, now known as the Druze, destroyed the Holy Sepulchre in 1009. A sense of unity grew among many though not all provinces and gradually formed the consciousness of a broadly Arab-Islamic population. Distinct, feuding Arab tribes united into a cohesive political force, partially through the promise of military conquest. There is text in the Arabic script around the drawing. Another source of political instability was the confrontation between Muslims and Christians in Western Europe, with the inquisition, the Crusades. [53] Later, starting from the 9th century, the Samanids, whose roots stemmed from Zoroastrian theocratic nobility, propagated Sunni Islam and Islamo-Persian culture deep into the heart of Central Asia. 205. "Unto you your religion [45], It used to be argued that Zoroastrianism quickly collapsed in the wake of the Islamic conquest of Persia due to its intimate ties to the Sassanid state structure. religious texts of Islam, especially the Koran, and even the Hadith, which are the secondhand accounts of the life and practices of Mohammed. Historians believed that Islam spread for the reasons of trade, military conquest, and the treaty. Four small objects with inscriptions in Arabic letters. A depiction of Mohammed (top, veiled) and the first four Caliphs. Trade contributed to the spread of Islamic culture and led to a growing feeling of internationalism. In 1380, Sufi orders carried Islam from here on to Mindanao. Rival dynasties and revolutions led to the eventual disunion of the Muslim world. aren't showing on this map, those happened later on Christians and Muslims discuss the different traditions of mission, conversion and the expansion of religions worldwide. [24] He noted: "The question of why people convert to Islam has always generated the intense feeling. But then when you eventually After the reconquest of Spain by Christian forces, much of the scientific knowledge that was developed by Muslims came to Western Europe through Spain. Did the Arab Muslim only encourage the conversion to Islam, They didn't persecute anyone who didn't convert. These kinds of exchanges affected native populations slowly and led to more conversion to Islam. Direct link to looyrocks's post When Zoroastrianism and I, Posted 6 years ago. [60] These are typically represented by the following schools of thought:[60], Muslim missionaries played a key role in the spread of Islam in India with some missionaries even assuming roles as merchants or traders. Women did contribute to Islam - in fact the first person to convert was the Prophet Muhammad's (PBUH)own wife. The man has a beard and wears a red garment on his head. Trade played the biggest role of why it spread so quickly because it went to Spain, Africa, and Europe. In what ways did the spread of Islam help the areas of South Asia, North Africa, and Europe? "But transgress not the limits." It is intrinsically linked to the issues of formation of national identities and rival territorial claims of the Balkan states. His successors would rule the most powerful of Sultanates in the Swahili coast, during the peak of its expansion the Kilwa Sultanate stretched from Inhambane in the south to Malindi in the north. Moreover, conversion to Islam did not necessarily imply a complete turning from an old to a totally new life. Posted 6 years ago. Societal Islamization has historically occurred over the course of many centuries since the spread of Islam outside of the Arabian Peninsula through the early Muslim conquests, with notable shifts occurring in the Levant, Iran, North Africa, the Horn of Africa, West Africa,[15] Central Asia, South Asia (in Afghanistan, Maldives, Pakistan, and Bangladesh), Southeast Asia (in Malaysia, Brunei, and Indonesia), Southeastern Europe (in Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Kosovo, among others), Eastern Europe (in the Caucasus, Crimea, and the Volga), and Southern Europe (in Spain, Portugal, and Sicily prior to re-Christianizations). P. M. ( Peter Malcolm) Holt, Bernard Lewis. [20], Ira M. Lapidus distinguishes between two separate strands of converts of the time: animists and polytheists of tribal societies of the Arabian Peninsula and the Fertile Crescent and the native Christians and Jews existing before the Muslims arrived. Seizing the opportunity, an Arab-led (but mostly Berber) army invaded in 711, and by 720 had conquered the southern and central regions of the peninsula. conversion blended together, he's referring to these ideas that maybe for some people it just appealed to them. Direct link to Matt Bowman's post Can someone explain what , Posted 4 years ago. After the death of Timur in 1405, power began to shift from migrating peoples to sedentary populations living in large centralized empires. [65][66] The Mughals, already suffering a gradual decline in the early 18th century, was invaded by the Afsharid ruler Nader Shah. The Ghurid Empire soon evolved into the Delhi Sultanate, ruled by Qutb ud-Din Aibak, the founder of the Mamluk dynasty. According to the historian Yaqut al-Hamawi, the Bszrmny (Izmaelita or Ismaili/ Nizari) denomination of the Muslims who lived in the Kingdom of Hungary in the 10th to 13th centuries, were employed as mercenaries by the kings of Hungary. The idea of dhimmi status is that they would have protected rights, they would have the same A Pew Forum study, published in January 2011, forecast an increase of the proportion of Muslims in the European population from 6% in 2010 to 8% in 2030. He established a new unified polity in Arabia that . those who persecute you, but it actually seems to be a Hugh Kennedy, The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State, 2001. Read more. Muslim merchants from the Arabian Peninsula had to pass through these islands of the south via the maritime Silk Roads to reach China's ports. Shortly afterwards the Muslim army attacked the Sassanid Empire in Iraq, gaining a massive victory in 637 at the Battle of Qadasiya, and gradually conquering more and more of Iraq over the next dozen years. The Qur'an has a number of passages that support military action against non-Muslims, for example: But when the forbidden months are past, then fight and slay the Pagans wherever ye find them, and seize them, beleaguer them, and lie in wait for them in every stratagem (of war) Fight those who believe not in Allah nor the Last Day, nor hold that forbidden which hath been forbidden by Allah and His Messenger, nor acknowledge the religion of Truth, (even if they are) of the People of the Book Other passages confirmed the rightness of the ancient military tradition of looting from the defeated, and specified how the booty should be divided. Another development is that of transnational Islam, elaborated upon by the French Islam researchers Gilles Kepel and Olivier Roy. Significant conversion and cultural exchange did not occur during their short rule, nor were complex political institutions developed. Please consider upgrading your browser software or enabling style sheets (CSS) if you are able to do so. Only toward the end of that period, in about 710, did the first major spread of Islam to non-Arabs take place, among the Berber (or Amazigh) population of North Africa. essentially successors to Mohammed, under these four kalifs, In the 1330s, the Mongol ruler of the Chagatai Khanate (in Central Asia) converted to Islam, causing the eastern part of his realm (called Moghulistan) to rebel. "And do not fight them Within roughly two decades, they created a massive Arab Muslim empire spanning three continents. For example, Kebatinan, a religion that appeared in modern-day Indonesia around the sixteenth century combined animistic, Buddhist, Hindu, and Islamicespecially Sufibeliefs and practices. Also, the interaction of Arab-Muslims with non-Arab ones contributes vastly. They were in Medina. it really was convert or die. at the sacred mosque." Many different groups ruled areas previously held by the Abbasids. Direct link to priscilla's post What 2 religions were all, Posted 4 years ago. [4], While there were cases such as the Sassanid army division at Hamra, that converted en masse before pivotal battles such as the Battle of al-Qdisiyyah, conversion was fastest in the urban areas where Arab forces were garrisoned slowly leading to Zoroastrianism becoming associated with rural areas. "Such is the recompense [71], When Marco Polo visited the area in 1292 he noted that the urban port state of Perlak was Muslim,[71] Chinese sources record the presence of a Muslim delegation to the emperor from the Kingdom of Samudra (Pasai) in 1282,[70] other accounts provide instances of Muslim communities present in the Melayu Kingdom for the same time period while others record the presence of Muslim Chinese traders from provinces such as Fujian.
